The freedom of expression, being one of the firmly stated and affirmed right in the US constitution, I think the question refers to effecting in a global scenario. Freedom of expression touches most sensitive areas such as religion, which has a soft corner for. Considering the current world situation, I think pushing for such agendas that is based on moral, cultural. religious values of countries outside of US will have little effect and will cause adverse effects.
Intellectual property rights is a very important area where US should defenitely push for agendas, considering the need to support and encourage innovation and growth. As per the court decision - Rockwell Graphic Sys., Inc. v. DEV Indus., Inc., 925 F.2d 174, 180 (7th Cir. 1991), "the future of the nation depends in no small part on the efficiency of industry, and the efficiency of industry depends in no small part on the protection of intellectual property.". Seeing the recent developments, the move by US to protect the control over Internet Governance, has raised concerns among other participating countries. The question is - if we stand for freedom of expression, isn't it better to pass control over to a global body such as UN to oversee ICANN? I think, in future, there is a possibility for an IPR setup for internet's origin and development in favor of US. Unless there is no such IPR on internet as a whole, I strongly oppose such actions of pollicy making and control by any single entity, rather than a global entity like UN.
Regarding Cybercrime protection, yes, US Criminal Division's is doing a great job in implementing various. Cyber crimes such as hacking, IP thefts, computer virus/worm proliferation etc. cybercrime is a common issue in the world, US should work in hands with other technologically advanced countries to build stringent Cybercrime protection laws.
I agree that "US should lead by example". In my opinion, its healthy to being proactive on pushing "some" of these agendas, which is condemned globally.
(c) Deepesh Joseph, May 2007.
Related websites -- http://www.getallarticles.com
Monday, May 4, 2009
What measures need to be taken to make sure that offshore outsourcing does not adversely affect American jobs?
Offshore outsourcing is a highly debated topic. It would be nice if we reflect on the reasons that has lead to offshore outsourcing -
1. Highly skilled workforce for cheap labor - Most of the developing countries offers education that is highly specialized and with focus on international job economy. Difference in dollars and x currency, leads to a favorable situation for companies
2. Current restrictions and huge backlogs in H1Bs and job based Green Cards - If U.S. doesn't take necessary steps to provide more opportunities for the highly-skilled workforce to migrate into U.S., companies will continue to outsource.
3. Inadequate number of high-tech workers in U.S. - Research shows that there is about 190,000 unfilled IT jobs in the US today due to a shortage of qualified high-tech workers. Companies resort to outsourcing to fill in immediate gaps in HR.
Now looking at possible recommendations to remedy the situation of U.S. economy getting affected, the following steps may be taken -
1. Focus on STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths) based education - Children should be encouraged to pursue these fields right from their school education. Provide more funding and scholarships to students who pursue these career paths. This will eventually lead to increased pool of highly skilled workers at reasonable rates.
2. Increase the number of immigrant job visas which will reduce outsourcing for skilled labor.
3. Establish legislative measures to regulate outsourcing so that companies are required to fill in certain percentage of U.S. natives, if sufficient skills are available.
(c) Deepesh Joseph, Aug 2007
Related websites -- http://www.getallarticles.com
1. Highly skilled workforce for cheap labor - Most of the developing countries offers education that is highly specialized and with focus on international job economy. Difference in dollars and x currency, leads to a favorable situation for companies
2. Current restrictions and huge backlogs in H1Bs and job based Green Cards - If U.S. doesn't take necessary steps to provide more opportunities for the highly-skilled workforce to migrate into U.S., companies will continue to outsource.
3. Inadequate number of high-tech workers in U.S. - Research shows that there is about 190,000 unfilled IT jobs in the US today due to a shortage of qualified high-tech workers. Companies resort to outsourcing to fill in immediate gaps in HR.
Now looking at possible recommendations to remedy the situation of U.S. economy getting affected, the following steps may be taken -
1. Focus on STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths) based education - Children should be encouraged to pursue these fields right from their school education. Provide more funding and scholarships to students who pursue these career paths. This will eventually lead to increased pool of highly skilled workers at reasonable rates.
2. Increase the number of immigrant job visas which will reduce outsourcing for skilled labor.
3. Establish legislative measures to regulate outsourcing so that companies are required to fill in certain percentage of U.S. natives, if sufficient skills are available.
(c) Deepesh Joseph, Aug 2007
Related websites -- http://www.getallarticles.com
What is IT?
We have seen so much about IT and all of us have been a part of it by some means or other. We all know what IT refers to and what are its applications. I have been trying to define what is IT or Information Technology, since some time. This is puerly a personal effort and each one of us may have different opinion. I think it will be fun and thoughtful if we try to make a personal definition of what IT is. Here goes my definition -
"IT is an evolving disciplne which act as a PLANNER, ENABLER, SUPPLIER, INTEGRATOR and ENHANCER of the necessary TECHNOLOGY which provides the basic framework for AQUIRING, STORING, MANIPULATING, RETRIEVING and MANAGING information so that the general motto of IT is accomplished."
The motto of IT, according to me is to get the right information to the right person at the right place, at the right time, in the right form and at the right cost.
(c) Deepesh Joseph, 2001
Related websites -- http://www.getallarticles.com
"IT is an evolving disciplne which act as a PLANNER, ENABLER, SUPPLIER, INTEGRATOR and ENHANCER of the necessary TECHNOLOGY which provides the basic framework for AQUIRING, STORING, MANIPULATING, RETRIEVING and MANAGING information so that the general motto of IT is accomplished."
The motto of IT, according to me is to get the right information to the right person at the right place, at the right time, in the right form and at the right cost.
(c) Deepesh Joseph, 2001
Related websites -- http://www.getallarticles.com
Information Management and career levels
Deepesh Joseph
August 2006
Information Management (IM) refers to any activity that leads to effective collection, storage, retrieval and analysis of information by focusing on business strategy and by continuously improving business competitiveness and adaptability. The ultimate goal of any IM job is to add up to the combined efforts to meet the required business strategy. The business strategy can be, say, “making Government more approachable and transparent to the citizens”. To meet this goal, the Federal Government has to implement scalable Information Management solutions that will make strategic use of IT as an enabling medium. This is a typical situation where we require professional IM expertise and skills. Depending upon the nature of business and the complexity of the IM project, there exists various professional fields of expertise within the IM field. IM field is very diverse and its hard to cover all the skill positions. A typical map and guide to IM field is depicted in Figure (a).
Figure (a) shows a typical IM field where in a business strategy gets converted to IM solution. As shown in the figure, there are 4 major levels of skills cloud. All the skills sets works in a synergistic manner towards the common business goal. I shall briefly state each of the skill position.
Level 4: Level 4 is the Chief Officers' level where the business strategy is mapped to IT strategy and architecture. On the top, we have
4.1 CIO or Chief Information Officer who is responsible for providing technology vision and leadership to conceive, build and implement multiple IT projects on time and within budget. CIO should have technology skills as well as business skills to effectively understand the business vision and then utilize IT wisely and cost effectively to realize the vision. So CIO is a strategist as well as a technologist.
4.2 CTO or Chief Technology Officer is more technology oriented job which requires knowledge about existing and emerging technologies and thus advice on technology adoption. CTO should be capable of creating an organizational vision for new technologies and oversee and manage the firm's technological operations and infrastructure.
Level 3: Level 3 consists of the IT managers, Architects and Specialists who work on building the feasible architectures, specifications project management methodologies.
3.1 IT Manager is responsible for managing individuals involved in the activities of developing, designing, debugging, installing, modifying, testing, analyzing or maintaining applications programs and other IT systems. IT manager ensures effective coordination and technical support between programmers, developers, testers, interfacing system groups, and end-users and adherence to quality standards. The position requires extensive experience in managing IT projects and systems.
3.1.1 Project Manager applies or ensures the application of a standard, defined methodology to the project, and provides the leadership skills necessary to control the execution of the project tasks, as defined in the methodology.
3.2 IT consultants/specialists are either outsourced or in house manpower who have specialized skills in various aspects of system architecture development and business process improvement. Well known IT consultant job titles are -
3.2.1 ERP consultant
3.2.2 Business Process consultant
3.2.3 Security Consultant
3.2.4QA specialist
3.2.5 Hardware specialist
3.3 Enterprise Architect is a strategic person who is passionate about delivering business orientated IT outcomes by adopting an architectural approach. This position requires ability to articulate strategies, ideas, positions and recommendations in written, visual and verbal forms such as Enterprise Architect frameworks, UML/Object Oriented Design and Architecture Tools.
3.4 Chief Applications Architect is a highly skilled position whose major responsibilities includes developing and implementing standards and procedures for data, data modeling, data architecture and software applications. This position plans, analyzes, and develops requirements for application development and enhancement of all critical applications.
Level 2: Level 2 consists of the Team leads and administrators who actually does hands-on on various senior System development and Administration jobs such as follows.
2.1 Team Leader usually is the senior member of a software development team who performs high level system/db designs, software testing and some amount of Quality Assurance. He should have excellent communication skills and team management skills.
2.2 Sr. Systems Analyst acts as a liaison between business people who have a business problem and technology people who know how to create solutions. In doing so he manages the organization's documentation of business requirements, including use cases and other system analysis docs to ensure that the project team develops solutions that meet the business goal .
2.3 Administrators manages and maintains specific areas of IT infrastructure such as servers and other hardware, Database and Network. Well known job titles are System Administrator, DBA and Network Admin.
Level 1: Level 1 consists of the Engineering and Analyst team that perform the basic day to day System Development tasks. At this level all the the business strategy is in the form of clear system specifications such as DFDs, ERDs, System flows, Program logic flows and detailed hardware/network configurations. The job in this level requires knowledge of basic Software Engineering methodologies, Hardware/Network technologies, configurations and troubleshooting. Its essential to have skills in System Analysis and design techniques, Programming, Software testing and hardware/network configuration and maintenance. Well known job titles are as follows.
1.1 Hardware Engineer is responsible for configuring, troubleshooting and servicing hardware/network. Well known job titles are -
1.1.1 Hardware service Engineer
1.1.2 Network Engineer
1.2 Software Engineer is responsible for developing software based on the system specifications and acceptable programming techniques and standards so that the developed IM solution will satisfy the business goal. Major job titles are -
1.2.1 Software Engineer/Developer
1.2.2 Web Developer
1.2.3 Web designer
1.2.4 Software Tester
August 2006
Information Management (IM) refers to any activity that leads to effective collection, storage, retrieval and analysis of information by focusing on business strategy and by continuously improving business competitiveness and adaptability. The ultimate goal of any IM job is to add up to the combined efforts to meet the required business strategy. The business strategy can be, say, “making Government more approachable and transparent to the citizens”. To meet this goal, the Federal Government has to implement scalable Information Management solutions that will make strategic use of IT as an enabling medium. This is a typical situation where we require professional IM expertise and skills. Depending upon the nature of business and the complexity of the IM project, there exists various professional fields of expertise within the IM field. IM field is very diverse and its hard to cover all the skill positions. A typical map and guide to IM field is depicted in Figure (a).
Figure (a) shows a typical IM field where in a business strategy gets converted to IM solution. As shown in the figure, there are 4 major levels of skills cloud. All the skills sets works in a synergistic manner towards the common business goal. I shall briefly state each of the skill position.
Level 4: Level 4 is the Chief Officers' level where the business strategy is mapped to IT strategy and architecture. On the top, we have
4.1 CIO or Chief Information Officer who is responsible for providing technology vision and leadership to conceive, build and implement multiple IT projects on time and within budget. CIO should have technology skills as well as business skills to effectively understand the business vision and then utilize IT wisely and cost effectively to realize the vision. So CIO is a strategist as well as a technologist.
4.2 CTO or Chief Technology Officer is more technology oriented job which requires knowledge about existing and emerging technologies and thus advice on technology adoption. CTO should be capable of creating an organizational vision for new technologies and oversee and manage the firm's technological operations and infrastructure.
Level 3: Level 3 consists of the IT managers, Architects and Specialists who work on building the feasible architectures, specifications project management methodologies.
3.1 IT Manager is responsible for managing individuals involved in the activities of developing, designing, debugging, installing, modifying, testing, analyzing or maintaining applications programs and other IT systems. IT manager ensures effective coordination and technical support between programmers, developers, testers, interfacing system groups, and end-users and adherence to quality standards. The position requires extensive experience in managing IT projects and systems.
3.1.1 Project Manager applies or ensures the application of a standard, defined methodology to the project, and provides the leadership skills necessary to control the execution of the project tasks, as defined in the methodology.
3.2 IT consultants/specialists are either outsourced or in house manpower who have specialized skills in various aspects of system architecture development and business process improvement. Well known IT consultant job titles are -
3.2.1 ERP consultant
3.2.2 Business Process consultant
3.2.3 Security Consultant
3.2.4QA specialist
3.2.5 Hardware specialist
3.3 Enterprise Architect is a strategic person who is passionate about delivering business orientated IT outcomes by adopting an architectural approach. This position requires ability to articulate strategies, ideas, positions and recommendations in written, visual and verbal forms such as Enterprise Architect frameworks, UML/Object Oriented Design and Architecture Tools.
3.4 Chief Applications Architect is a highly skilled position whose major responsibilities includes developing and implementing standards and procedures for data, data modeling, data architecture and software applications. This position plans, analyzes, and develops requirements for application development and enhancement of all critical applications.
Level 2: Level 2 consists of the Team leads and administrators who actually does hands-on on various senior System development and Administration jobs such as follows.
2.1 Team Leader usually is the senior member of a software development team who performs high level system/db designs, software testing and some amount of Quality Assurance. He should have excellent communication skills and team management skills.
2.2 Sr. Systems Analyst acts as a liaison between business people who have a business problem and technology people who know how to create solutions. In doing so he manages the organization's documentation of business requirements, including use cases and other system analysis docs to ensure that the project team develops solutions that meet the business goal .
2.3 Administrators manages and maintains specific areas of IT infrastructure such as servers and other hardware, Database and Network. Well known job titles are System Administrator, DBA and Network Admin.
Level 1: Level 1 consists of the Engineering and Analyst team that perform the basic day to day System Development tasks. At this level all the the business strategy is in the form of clear system specifications such as DFDs, ERDs, System flows, Program logic flows and detailed hardware/network configurations. The job in this level requires knowledge of basic Software Engineering methodologies, Hardware/Network technologies, configurations and troubleshooting. Its essential to have skills in System Analysis and design techniques, Programming, Software testing and hardware/network configuration and maintenance. Well known job titles are as follows.
1.1 Hardware Engineer is responsible for configuring, troubleshooting and servicing hardware/network. Well known job titles are -
1.1.1 Hardware service Engineer
1.1.2 Network Engineer
1.2 Software Engineer is responsible for developing software based on the system specifications and acceptable programming techniques and standards so that the developed IM solution will satisfy the business goal. Major job titles are -
1.2.1 Software Engineer/Developer
1.2.2 Web Developer
1.2.3 Web designer
1.2.4 Software Tester
(c) Deepesh Joseph, 2006
Related websites -- http://www.getallarticles.com
Compare and contrast data warehouse principles
Operational Vs Informational system : Operational Systems are those which are based on current data and thus supports current/day-to-day functioning of a business. Informational Systems on the other hand are based on historical information and thus supports complex data mining/analysis and decision making. The core difference lies in the way queries are run to process/analyze data. Simple, planned and real time queries are run on an operational system that acts on small data sets, where as in an informational system, huge complex queries are executed that acts on bulk amounts of data sets.
Operational database vs. Data warehouse : Operational database is the database that we use to implement an operational system and Data warehouse is one of the opted database design that we use to implement an information system. Operational database is less complex in design (such as relational based and in 3rd normal form) supporting storage and processing of current/operational data where as Data warehouses are designed to support effective storage and processing of large volumes of historical data. Operational databases are relational in most cases, where as Data warehouse follows database models such as star or snowflake schema (multidimensional data models).
Data warehouse vs. Data mart : Data warehouse comprises of a complete domain of data pertaining to an enterprise, where data marts are scaled down version of a data warehouse that is confined to a particular data domain (eg: sales). In other words, data marts are a subset of data warehouse.
OLTP vs. OLAP : OLTP or Online transaction Processing Systems refers to those Information Management systems that are based on operational databases and thus supports current business transactions such as sales order processing. OLAP or Online Analytical Processing systems are those which are based on data warehouses or similar solutions that are designed to support ad-hoc query analysis or data-mining based on historical data. OLTP supports current business functions and flows where OLAP supports decision making based on complex data analysis.
Ad hoc queries vs. Data Mining : Ad hoc queries are queries which are designed for a specific known purpose and cannot be dynamically altered to suit a different need. Data mining on the other hand allows us to create dynamic queries based on real time user/process inputs and thus produce data patterns which are not originally known to the business.
Star schema vs. Snow flake schema : Both Star and Snow flake schemas are data warehouse database design models that supports multidimensional data modeling. Star schema is the most simple data warehouse data model which consists of one or more fact tables in the middle and many dimensional tables connected to the fact table, thus creating the shape of a star. Snowflake data warehouse data model are similar to star schema, except that the dimensional tables are normalized. Snowflake schema is usually used when we convert an already normalized transactional database into a data warehouse, where all dimensional tables would be already normalized.
(c) Deepesh Joseph, 2001
Related websites -- http://www.getallarticles.com
Compare and contrast distributed database principles
a. Homogeneous vs. heterogeneous distributed database system
Homogeneous database systems involve similar databases distributed over the network (on separate machines). Example of homogeneous database system is an enterprise’s nation-wide ERP system which comprises of distributed databases, all of which are Oracle. Heterogeneous database systems on the other hand are distributed database systems that consist of at least one different database. Example of heterogeneous database system is an enterprise wide intranet application which consists of databases such as MS SQL server and DB2, which belong to the same integrated database application.
b. Autonomous vs. Non-autonomous distributed database system
Autonomous and Non-autonomous distributed database is a sub-set of Homogeneous databases. Autonomous distributed database are independent databases (separate data residing in each database) that function independently, but, are integrated by the controlling application software. Non-autonomous distributed database are homogeneous databases where data is distributed across homogeneous nodes and is controlled by DBMS at each node. Example for a autonomous distributed database system is Oracle based data marts which manages data pertaining to sales, distribution and inventory. Example for a non-autonomous distributed database system is Oracle based global sales database which is partitioned across multiple databases.
c. Federated vs. Unfederated
Federated database systems are collection of heterogeneous database systems which is integrated together to function as a single system. Each constituent database system is autonomous and control can be exercised to each local database component of the federation. Unfederated database systems are collection of homogeneous database systems which are generally non-autonomous by nature and employs centralized control. Example for a federated database system would be an extended heterogeneous distributed database system that span across multiple database vendors and multiple enterprise departments. Example for unfederated database system would be an extended homogeneous distributed database system that spans across a global enterprise function.
(c) Deepesh Joseph, 2001
Related websites -- http://www.getallarticles.com
Homogeneous database systems involve similar databases distributed over the network (on separate machines). Example of homogeneous database system is an enterprise’s nation-wide ERP system which comprises of distributed databases, all of which are Oracle. Heterogeneous database systems on the other hand are distributed database systems that consist of at least one different database. Example of heterogeneous database system is an enterprise wide intranet application which consists of databases such as MS SQL server and DB2, which belong to the same integrated database application.
b. Autonomous vs. Non-autonomous distributed database system
Autonomous and Non-autonomous distributed database is a sub-set of Homogeneous databases. Autonomous distributed database are independent databases (separate data residing in each database) that function independently, but, are integrated by the controlling application software. Non-autonomous distributed database are homogeneous databases where data is distributed across homogeneous nodes and is controlled by DBMS at each node. Example for a autonomous distributed database system is Oracle based data marts which manages data pertaining to sales, distribution and inventory. Example for a non-autonomous distributed database system is Oracle based global sales database which is partitioned across multiple databases.
c. Federated vs. Unfederated
Federated database systems are collection of heterogeneous database systems which is integrated together to function as a single system. Each constituent database system is autonomous and control can be exercised to each local database component of the federation. Unfederated database systems are collection of homogeneous database systems which are generally non-autonomous by nature and employs centralized control. Example for a federated database system would be an extended heterogeneous distributed database system that span across multiple database vendors and multiple enterprise departments. Example for unfederated database system would be an extended homogeneous distributed database system that spans across a global enterprise function.
(c) Deepesh Joseph, 2001
Related websites -- http://www.getallarticles.com
Pros and Cons of normalizing data into 3NF form
Deepesh Joseph
February 2009
The main purpose of normalization is to reduce data redundancy and avoid inconsistent data. Normalization leads to separation of unrelated entities into separate entities. In effect, normalization leads to clean database design. Since we do not store redundant data, we save storage space and save resources to maintain (update, delete) redundant data.
But, there are instances where we do not need to fully normalize data. The example provided in question is an excellent example to explain why do we allow de-normalized data. Looking at the customer address data, it is desirable to design city, state, country and postal codes as separate entities since they could be represented by thier own unique identifiers (state_id, country_id, zip_id) and that multiple customers may belong to same country, state, city and zip. Suppose we did design these as separate entities and try to retrieve data for the following problem --
"Generate report of all customer belonging to 'US' and who reside in 'FLORIDA's 'TAMPA' city in '33601' postal code."
The query would be something like --
"SELECT
c.customer_first_name, c.customer_middle_name, c.customer_last_name
FROM
customer c, customer_address ca, address_city act, address_zip az, address_state as, adress_country ac
WHERE
c.customer_id=ca.customer_id and c.city_id=act.city_id AND c.zip_id=az.zip_id
AND c.state_id = as.state_id and c.country_id = ac.country_id AND ac.country_name = 'US'
AND as.state_name = 'FLORIDA' AND act.city_name = 'TAMPA' AND az.zip_code = '33601'"
Notice the joins (c.customer_id=ca.customer_id and c.city_id=act.city_id etc) required in the SQL to retrieve the required information. SQLs joins are considered to be very expensive when there is huge amount of data, say we have a tera byte of data within customer table. The four additional joins is going to be very expensive and will lead to unacceptable system response time.
If we de-normalize data and allow country, state, city and zip data to reside within customer_address table, then we could rewrite the above query as --
"SELECT
c.customer_first_name, c.customer_middle_name, c.customer_last_name
FROM
customer c, customer_address ca
WHERE
c.customer_id=ca.customer_id AND ca.country_name = 'US'
AND ca.state_name = 'FLORIDA' AND ca.city_name = 'TAMPA' AND ca.zip_code = '33601'"
After de-normalization, the query would run much faster. So, in effect, normalizing data into 3NF form is not always practical.
(c) Deepesh Joseph, 2001
Related websites -- http://www.getallarticles.com
February 2009
The main purpose of normalization is to reduce data redundancy and avoid inconsistent data. Normalization leads to separation of unrelated entities into separate entities. In effect, normalization leads to clean database design. Since we do not store redundant data, we save storage space and save resources to maintain (update, delete) redundant data.
But, there are instances where we do not need to fully normalize data. The example provided in question is an excellent example to explain why do we allow de-normalized data. Looking at the customer address data, it is desirable to design city, state, country and postal codes as separate entities since they could be represented by thier own unique identifiers (state_id, country_id, zip_id) and that multiple customers may belong to same country, state, city and zip. Suppose we did design these as separate entities and try to retrieve data for the following problem --
"Generate report of all customer belonging to 'US' and who reside in 'FLORIDA's 'TAMPA' city in '33601' postal code."
The query would be something like --
"SELECT
c.customer_first_name, c.customer_middle_name, c.customer_last_name
FROM
customer c, customer_address ca, address_city act, address_zip az, address_state as, adress_country ac
WHERE
c.customer_id=ca.customer_id and c.city_id=act.city_id AND c.zip_id=az.zip_id
AND c.state_id = as.state_id and c.country_id = ac.country_id AND ac.country_name = 'US'
AND as.state_name = 'FLORIDA' AND act.city_name = 'TAMPA' AND az.zip_code = '33601'"
Notice the joins (c.customer_id=ca.customer_id and c.city_id=act.city_id etc) required in the SQL to retrieve the required information. SQLs joins are considered to be very expensive when there is huge amount of data, say we have a tera byte of data within customer table. The four additional joins is going to be very expensive and will lead to unacceptable system response time.
If we de-normalize data and allow country, state, city and zip data to reside within customer_address table, then we could rewrite the above query as --
"SELECT
c.customer_first_name, c.customer_middle_name, c.customer_last_name
FROM
customer c, customer_address ca
WHERE
c.customer_id=ca.customer_id AND ca.country_name = 'US'
AND ca.state_name = 'FLORIDA' AND ca.city_name = 'TAMPA' AND ca.zip_code = '33601'"
After de-normalization, the query would run much faster. So, in effect, normalizing data into 3NF form is not always practical.
(c) Deepesh Joseph, 2001
Related websites -- http://www.getallarticles.com
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